Ukraine’s Conventional Long-Range Strike Forces at the end of 2025

A comprehensive review of Ukrainian missiles and long-range drones

Picture: Office of the President of Ukraine

Around this time last year, I reviewed Ukraine’s newest additions to its conventional long-range strike arsenal. One year later, Ukraine’s missile and long-range drone capabilities have expanded and diversified further. In addition, more reliable information is now available on the capability profiles of Ukraine’s conventional long-range strike weapons employed throughout the war.

This post offers an updated 2025 overview of Ukraine’s conventional long-range strike arsenal, including all confirmed missile and long-range drone systems with ranges of 150 kilometers or more. Programs based on speculation or lacking sufficient public data are excluded.

Missile categorization

I group Ukraine’s conventional long-range strike weapons into three categories: heavy, medium, and light one-way effectors.

Heavy effectors deliver large payloads, defined here as 200 kilograms or more, enabling them to credibly threaten a wide range of targets in single strikes. Their main drawback is that these systems are often more expensive and complex to manufacture than lighter alternatives.

Medium effectors carry smaller but still substantial payloads, defined here as 100 to 200 kilograms. They deliver significant destructive power, but are generally less lethal than their heavier counterparts, especially against structurally hardened targets. Several systems in this category are sometimes described as “missile drones”, though that term is misleading. Based on their specifications, “mini-cruise missile” is more accurate, since they share most characteristics with traditional cruise missiles but are generally smaller than many pre-war designs.

Light effectors have a payload capacity below 100 kilograms. This greatly reduces their lethality against hardened targets, and the small lethal radius often makes it difficult to compensate for terminal inaccuracies. That said, these systems are relatively easy to produce and affordable.

Key trends at the end of 2025

The image above provides an overview of Ukraine’s conventional long-range strike arsenal at the end of 2025 by plotting individual missile and long-range drone systems according to their range and payload capacity. Imported systems are indicated in red; indigenously produced ones in blue. For readability, the graph omits the FP-5 “Flamingo”, which is an outlier due to its outsized payload and range (1,150 kilograms and 3,000 kilometers), but it is discussed below.

Note that these two variables alone reveal little about survivability or accuracy. They do, however, offer basic insight into the types of targets these systems can reach and destroy.

At the end of 2025, the vast majority of Ukraine’s conventional long-range strike weapons will fall in the light category. Ukrainian manufacturers have produced a diverse range of systems capable of striking deep, most notably long-range drones, but they still struggle to integrate payloads of 100 kilograms or more.

Twelve systems currently fall into the light category, while only nine (including the Flamingo, omitted from the graph) fall into the medium and heavy categories. In addition, Ukraine remains largely dependent on Western deliveries for heavy missile systems. The only three Ukrainian programs of record included here — Flamingo, Sapsan, and the Long Neptune — each face uncertainties.

As Ukraine’s conventional long-range strike program enters 2026, maturing and scaling production of indigenous heavy missile solutions will remain a top priority. Given potentially growing pressure from the United States to accept an unfavorable negotiated settlement, these missile systems can provide a major source of independent strategic leverage.

Below, I briefly review each confirmed conventional long-range strike capability in Ukraine’s arsenal. I provide a picture or digital rendering when no copyright issues prevent me from doing so; otherwise, I include an external link.

Ukrainian heavy missiles

ATACMS

Picture: Lockheed Martin Corporation

Ukraine first received ATACMS short-range ballistic missiles, produced by U.S. manufacturer Lockheed Martin, in October 2023 and has since been provided with three variants.

The first confirmed variant was the M39 ATACMS, with a range of 185 kilometers and a 560-kilogram cluster munitions warhead containing 950 M74 bomblets. The M39 variant is guided by inertial navigation (INS) only.

The second variant, first confirmed to have been used in April 2024, was the M39A1 ATACMS, with a range of up to 300 kilometers, an integrated satellite receiver (GNSS), and carrying a reduced cluster payload of 300 M74 bomblets.

The first unitary-warhead ATACMS variant was first used in May 2024. Most likely, this was either the M48 or the slightly more modern M57. Both variants feature INS/GNSS guidance, a 227-kilogram WAU-23/B unitary warhead, and a range of up to 300 kilometers.

At the end of 2025, Ukraine is unlikely to retain a substantial reserve stockpile of ATACMS ballistic missiles.

FP-5 “Flamingo”

Picture: Fire Point

In August 2025, manufacturer Fire Point unveiled the FP-5 “Flamingo” land-attack cruise missile. The missile was first used in September 2025, though with mixed results.

The missile reportedly features a 1,150-kilogram warhead and a range of up to 3,000 kilometers. The missile is guided by INS/GNSS during midcourse and is not known to incorporate a terminal guidance seeker.

Although the manufacturer has made ambitious claims about mass-producing the missile when it was first unveiled, use of the missile has so far not been widely reported.

R360L Neptune-D

The R360L Neptune-D (also known as the Long Neptune) was first unveiled in August 2025 and is an enlarged, land-attack-optimized version of the R360 Neptune anti-ship cruise missile, which had reached initial operational capability in mid-2021, just months before the full-scale invasion. The Neptune was developed by Ukrainian manufacturer Luch Design Bureaus.

Ukrainian reports put its range at up to 1,000 kilometers and its warhead at 260 kilograms. Public accounts indicate the missile has an enhanced guidance suite, potentially including a terrain-contour-matching (TERCOM) altimeter to provide redundant navigation in GNSS-denied environments. The missile may carry a land-attack optimized guidance seeker similar to other modified Neptune variants, though this remains unconfirmed.

Sapsan

Picture: VoidWanderer/Creative Commons Licence

The Sapsan is a short-range ballistic missile developed and produced by Ukrainian manufacturer Pivdenne Design Bureaus. Ukraine announced in May 2025 that the Sapsan completed combat testing and moved toward serial production in June 2025. Nonetheless, the program’s status remains highly uncertain.

Sources commonly estimate the range at 300–500 kilometers and the payload at about 480 kilograms. Guidance is provided by INS/GNSS. Some reports suggest integration of a terminal guidance seeker, but this remains unconfirmed.

Storm Shadow/SCALP-EG

Picture: Ukrainian MoD, Screenshot from video

Ukraine’s first heavy missile system was the Storm Shadow land-attack cruise missile, first used in May 2023. From July 2023 onward, Ukraine began receiving French and later Italian SCALP-EG land-attack cruise missiles, which are virtually identical.

The missile is manufactured by MBDA and carries a 450-kilogram multi-effect warhead, comprising a primary shaped charge and a secondary penetrator, which provides significant hard-target kill capability. Its guidance suite is robust and redundant, combining INS/GNSS and TERCOM for midcourse guidance, and an imaging-infrared seeker for terminal guidance.

Given that France, Italy, and the UK very likely did not stockpile range-restricted export versions, Ukraine almost certainly received the baseline variant with an unclassified range of 560 kilometers. Unless the missile was retroactively range-restricted, for example via software updates, Ukraine should have access to the full range.

By the end of 2025, Ukraine is likely to retain only a small potential stockpile of Storm Shadow/SCALP-EG missiles, since most delivered rounds have probably been expended, and European partner stocks are largely exhausted.

Ukrainian medium missiles

‘Bulged’ Neptune

Picture: Ukrainian MoD

In October 2025, Ukraine unveiled another modified Neptune variant featuring conformal fuel tanks that create a bulged profile, though the variant has not yet been officially named. Similar to other Neptune variants, the missile is presumably manufactured by Luch Design Bureaus.

The missile appears to retain the original diameter and overall geometry, with external tanks added for fuel, which suggests it likely keeps the baseline Neptune’s 150-kilogram warhead. The range remains unconfirmed, though an extension to 400-600 kilometers appears plausible. It is also possible that the variant carries a land-optimized terminal guidance seeker, as was reported for earlier Neptune modifications.

Palianytsia

The Palianytsia, a mini-cruise missile produced by Ukrainian manufacturer Ukroboronprom, was unveiled in August 2024, but details about the weapon system did not emerge until September 2025.

The missile reportedly has a range of 600–700 kilometers and a payload capacity of up to 100 kilograms. It is guided by INS/GNSS and is not known to be equipped with a terminal guidance seeker.

R360 Neptune (mod. 1)

Picture: Wikimedia Commons

In August 2023, reports first indicated that Ukraine was using modified versions of the R-360 Neptune anti-ship cruise missile.

The missile likely retains the original 300-kilometer range and 150-kilogram warhead of the baseline variant but is reported to feature an imaging-infrared seeker optimized for engaging land-based targets, replacing the active radar seeker of the original version.

It is unclear if production of this Neptune variant continues or if it has been discontinued in favor of later variants (i.e., the “Long” and “Bulged” Neptunes).

Ruta

Picture: Destinus

Ukraine was first reported to have received Ruta cruise missiles in early 2024. The missile is produced by European manufacturer Destinus at production facilities in the Netherlands and Spain.

According to the manufacturer, the Ruta has a range of over 500 kilometers and a payload capacity of up to 150 kilograms. Reducing the payload can extend its maximum range. The missile is guided by INS/GNSS; integration of terminal guidance seekers is possible, but is not the standard. AI-supported image-based navigation is planned for future variants to provide redundant navigation in GNSS-denied environments.

Ukrainian light missiles and long-range drones

AQ-400 Scythe

Picture: Terminal Autonomy

The AQ-400 Scythe long-range drone, produced by Ukraine-based manufacturer Terminal Autonomy, was first delivered to the Ukrainian armed forces in December 2023.

The drone reportedly has a range of 750 kilometers (some reports put it up to 900 kilometers) and typically carries a 43-kilogram warhead. The AQ-400 Scythe is guided by INS/GNSS, with optional terminal guidance via an electro-optical seeker and an operator in the loop when a radio line-of-sight to the operator is available.

AN-196 Liutyi

Picture: Ukrainian Armed Forces

The AN-196 Liutyi, a long-range drone produced by Ukrainian manufacturer Ukroboronprom, was first unveiled in October 2022.

Later models reportedly have a range of up to 2,000 kilometers and a payload capacity of 75 kilograms; an earlier variant had a range of 1,000 kilometers and carried a 50-kilogram warhead. The Liutyi is guided by INS/GNSS. Integration of a dedicated terminal guidance seeker is not publicly confirmed.

Banshee

Remains of downed Banshee long-range drones were first discovered in February 2024. The system is manufactured by the British company QinetiQ and is a weaponized version of target drones produced by the same manufacturer.

The drone reportedly has a range exceeding 100 kilometers, with some Ukrainian sources estimating a maximum range of up to 200 kilometers. It has a payload capacity of seven kilograms and is guided by INS/GNSS. Integration of a terminal guidance seeker has not been reported.

Bars

The existence of the Bars mini-cruise missile was first confirmed in April 2025. Its manufacturer is unclear, though open sources describe it as a Ukrainian private-sector innovation.

The missile is reported to have a range of 700 to 800 kilometers and to use INS/GNSS guidance without a dedicated terminal seeker. The payload is unconfirmed, but most open-source accounts report a small warhead of roughly 50 to 60 kilograms.

Dart 250

The Dart 250 long-range drone was unveiled in late 2024 and reportedly underwent testing that year in Ukraine. The system is produced by British manufacturer Modini.

It reportedly has a range of up to 250 kilometers and carries a 25-kilogram payload. The Dart 250 navigates primarily via INS/GNSS and can reportedly locate targets in GNSS-denied environments. Integration of a terminal guidance seeker has not been reported, except for a separate EW variant equipped with a passive radio seeker able to home in on jamming frequencies.

FP-1

Full-scale production of the FP-1 long-range drone, built by Ukrainian manufacturer Fire Point, began in October 2024.

The FP-1 reportedly delivers a 60–120-kilogram warhead to a range of up to 1,600 kilometers and is guided by INS/GNSS. Integration of a dedicated terminal guidance system has not been reported.

LORD

Picture: Destinus

The LORD long-range drone, produced by European manufacturer Destinus, first appeared in coverage from mid-2023 onward.

Relatively little is known about the LORD. Range estimates vary from 750 to 2,000 kilometers. Given the drone’s lightweight design and large wingspan, the higher figure may be feasible but likely represents an upper bound. The drone is reportedly able to carry a 9-to-20-kilogram payload. Navigation is provided by INS/GNSS, and some sources report integration of AI-supported image-based navigation.

Modified two-seater aircraft

In April 2024, Ukraine began using converted two-seater aircraft as long-range drones.

For example, modified Aeroprakt A-22 light aircraft are reported to have a range exceeding 1,000 kilometers and a payload capacity of about 60 to 100 kilograms. On A-22s the payload is integrated into the airframe and the aircraft is programmed to fly directly into the target. Other modified two-seaters carry externally mounted payloads that are dropped on the target during overflight. These aircraft are reportedly guided by a simple INS/GNSS package.

Morok

The Morok long-range drone was first unveiled in late 2023. No single commercial manufacturer has been publicly identified. Open reporting credits Ukrainian volunteer engineers, charity fundraising, and SBU- and military-adjacent groups with developing and financing the long-range drone. Some reports suggest that the Morok is based on the RZ-60 target drone.

The Morok reportedly has a range of 800 kilometers and a payload capacity of around 30 kilograms. Its guidance suite is said to include INS/GNSS, and no dedicated terminal guidance seekers have been reported.

Pekklo

Picture: Office of the President of Ukraine

The Pekklo mini-cruise missile was unveiled in December 2024. The missile is produced by Ukrainian manufacturer Ukroboronprom.

It reportedly has a range of about 700 kilometers and carries a 50 to 70 kilogram warhead. The missile is guided by GNSS/INS, with no official confirmation of a terminal guidance seeker.

UJ-22 Airborne

Picture: Ukrjet

The UJ-22 Airborne is a multi-purpose unmanned aircraft system first presented by Ukrjet in June 2021. A weaponized one-way attack variant was reportedly first used in April 2023 in strikes against Moscow.

The long-range drone has a range of 800 kilometers, is guided primarily by INS/GNSS, and carries a payload of about 20 kilograms. Some variants reportedly incorporate electro-optical seekers for remote terminal guidance.

UJ-25 Skyline

Picture: Ukrjet

The UJ-25 Skyline is a weaponized version of the UJ-23 Topaz target drone, produced by Ukrainian manufacturer Ukrjet. It was first observed publicly in September 2023 and saw its first combat use in December 2023.

The UJ-25’s range is not publicly confirmed but likely spans several hundred kilometers, perhaps 300–900 km. It reportedly carries a 10-kilogram warhead and is guided by INS/GNSS, with possible operator-in-the-loop terminal guidance via an electro-optical seeker and datalink.

UJ-26 Beaver

Picture: Ukrainian MoD via X

The UJ-26 Beaver, a long-range drone produced by Ukrainian manufacturer Ukrjet, was first unveiled and employed in May 2023.

The drone reportedly has a range of up to 1,000 kilometers with a 20-kilogram payload and is navigated by INS/GNSS. A variant unveiled in 2025 reportedly adds an imaging-infrared seeker for remote terminal guidance via datalink.